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introduction given the obsession we have with slimness in the united states and the fact that millions of americans are overweight it is no wonder that a multibillion dollar weight control industry has developed. weight loss centers and health and fitness spas cater to this obsession and promise us a new body just in time for the swimsuit season. phamaceutical companies produce drugs, both prescription and over the counter types to help us lose fat the easy way. food manufacturers market convenient, low calorie, prepackaged but expensive meals. each year at least one diet book on the best seller list is advertised as the last diet we will ever need. a variety of techniques, some useful and some not are used in attempt to stimulate weight loss. drugs are used to depress the appetite or increase metabolism. creams are applied to specific body parts to srink local fat deposits. surgical techniques include intestinal bypasses, removal or stapling part of the stomach, excising or suction removal of subcutaneous fat tissue, and wiring the jaw shut. weight loss diets involve almost every possible manipulation, including the high fat diet, the high protein diet, the grapefruit diet, the starvation diet, and even the "no diet" diet. exercising programs in specially designed clothing are advertised as helping you lose inches of fat in hours. psychological techniques such as hypnosis or behavior modification are designed to change your eating habits. in severe cases of clinical obesity, treatment usually is administered under medical supervision and may involve a combination of many of these techniques including surgery, hormone therapy, drugs and starvation type diets. an individualized, medically supervised weight control program is very important for the clinically obese because so many health risks are related obesity is very resistant to treatment and over 95 percent of those individuals who lose weight regain it within one to five years and may di this repeatedly.as noted at chapter 10 these fluctuations in body weight, known as weight cycling may not exert deleterious effects on metabolism and health and should not deter obese individuals from attempts to lose weight. the national institute of health notes that other group may need medically supervised weight loss programs, including children, pregnant women, persons over the age of 65, and individuals with medical conditions that could be exacerbated by weight loos. weight control programs have greater chances for success in individuals who have accumulated excess body fat throught environmental conditions, such as excessive eating and decreased physical activity, and who do not have a strong genetic predisposition to obesity. such a treatmentprogram may be beneficial to the typical adult, for substantial amounts of body fat appear to accumulate between the age of 25 and 35. the prevalence of overweight individuals in the united states has increased in the past quarter century in both children and adults. it is interesting to note that the average american male age 25-50, increased his bmi from 22 to 25 between the 1980 and 1989 rda, the average female went from about 21 to 24. moreover prevention of excess weight gain should be a life long life style, beginning in childhood and continuing through adulthood, as suggested by the data presented above. maintenance of a healthy body weight through prevention techniques may be especially helpfull during the first to years of college when young females typically gain 10-15 pounds. additionally prevention may also curtail the weight gain in those genetically predisposed, as supported by the recent twin study of newman and others.
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