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the embodiment of post-structuralism in literary works
后结构主义在文学作品中的体现
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it is worth mentioning that the narrative characteristics of structuralism
值得一提的是，结构主义的言说特征
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post-structuralism comes from structuralism, but it criticizes structuralism
后结构主义来源于结构主义，却对结构主义进行了批判
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before talking about post-structuralism, let's talk about structuralism.
在谈论后结构主义之前，我们先来谈论一下结构主义。
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structuralism believes that phenomenon is the essence, and post-structuralism believes that essence is greater than phenomenon.
结构主义认为现象即本质，而后结构主义认为本质大于现象。
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structuralism believes that isolated things cannot be understood, and the meaning of things must be revealed in the language structure of things.
结构主义认为，孤立的事物无法理解，必须在事物构成的语言结构中事物的意义才会显现。
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deconstructivism criticizes the trust of structuralism in science is naive, because everything is uncertain, there are no facts, there are only different interpretations, so deconstructivism articles focus on writing and emotional color.
解构主义批判结构主义对科学的信任是天真的，因为任何事物都是不确定的，没有事实，只有不同的诠释方式，也因此解构主义的文章注重文笔和感情色彩。
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in the previous segment i discussed how early psychologists carried out their experiments with animals to understand why they behave the way they do or how to condition animals’ behaviour. later on the experiments were conducted on humans and the results were the same that humans too are subject to environmental learning. this approach pioneered by ivan pavlov in russia but became widely popular in the united states became known as behaviourism. while behaviourism was the established scientific approach to psychology, in the german-speaking world there was this feeling that lab science truly couldn’t explain everything. the human mind was far more mysterious or sophisticated than experiments in labs can truly understand. so this led to another approach in psychology which became known as psychoanalysis which has its roots in german structuralism of wilhelm wundt who is considered the father of modern psychology. instead of relying on behaviour, psychoanalysis focused on understanding consciousness through two methods. first they looked at mental illness and asked why the mind gets sick. second, they looked at dreams and asked why we dream. this led the early psychoanalysts to the conclusion that consciousness is more complex than we can see or understand. there has to be another level to consciousness which is not readily available to us. this became known as the subconscious or unconscious. two of the most important psychoanalysts were the austrian sigmund freud and the swiss carl jung. so in this section, i will discuss their approaches to psychology, their similarities and differences in the battle of the unconscious. while the previous generations of psychologists studied psychology in a lab, through experimental psychology, some psychotherapists were in the fields dealing with people with mental problems, so their study was not based on lab experiments on animals or humans but approached psychology through field observation. at the time, behaviourism was the dominant approach to psychology, in which studies were based on experiments. however around this time, a new approach to psychology emerged from the fields, i.e. mental asylums, hospitals, and psychiatry clinics where psychologists observed their patients and discovered the existence and power of the subconscious. one of the earliest pioneers of psychoanalysis was the french doctor pierre janet who is credited to having both influenced sigmund freud and carl jung. however, when it comes to establishing psychoanalysis, it’s freud and jung who stand out. sigmund freud, often called the father of psychoanalysis, and the swiss carl jung agreed that the unconscious is perhaps a more powerful part of consciousness. despite their similarity in focusing on the unconscious as the best source of understanding the human mind, they also had a few differences. sigmund freud who was born in 1856 and died in 1939 was a practising psychotherapist in vienna, the capital of the austro-hungarian empire and one of the most sophisticated cities in the world at the time. despite its sophistication and wealth, there were a lot of people with mental issues. but why would such an affluent city have so many people suffering from psychological problems?
Последнее обновление: 2023-09-08
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