Şunu aradınız:: mbebaji (Svahili - İngilizce)

chimbuka na mbebaji virusi wa kati
the origin and intermediate host

na mbebaji habebi mzigo wa mwingine.
and no bearer of burdens will bear the burden of another.

mwingiliano wa mbebaji virusi ukihusishwa na usambazaji
virus-host interaction in relation to transmission

katika hali hii, mbebaji wa kati anakuwa mbebaji asilia anayehifadhi virusi.
in this case, the intermediate host becomes a natural reservoir host.

athari ya protini zinazotolewa na mbebaji virusi ni thabiti hususan kwenye popo.
the interferon response is particularly strong in bats.

huzalishwa kwa wingi bila kuonyesha makabiliano ya kinga thabiti ya mwili ya mbebaji wake.
they replicate robustly without eliciting a strong host immune response.

inaweza kuchukuliwa kwamba, tayari vimezoeleka kwa mbebaji mwingine wa karibu na binadamu.
presumably, it has already been adapted to another host close to humans.

pia, viwango vya kubadilika mara nyingi huwa juu wakati ambapo virusi vya cov havijazoeleka kwenye mbebaji.
in addition, mutation rate is often high when covs are not well adapted to the host.

itasalia kuonekana iwapo vitazoeleka kikamilifu kwa binadamu na kusambaa ndani ya binadamu bila hifadhi au mnyama mbebaji.
it remains to be seen whether it will adapt fully to humans and circulate within humans without a reservoir or intermediate animal host.

hatimaye, ukuaji wa virusi vipya vya hcov pia hutokana na shinikizo la uteuzi kwenye hifadhi ya mbebaji virusi.
last but not least, the evolution of novel hcovs is also driven by the selection pressure in their reservoir hosts.

kwa jumla, rbd kwenye protini ya s ya cov huingiliana na kipokezi cha seli na huteuliwa kwa kina na jibu la antibodi ya mbebaji.
generally, the rbd in the s protein of a cov interacts with the cellular receptor and is intensely selected by the host antibody response.

kuchunguza miingiliano ya mbebaji wa cov kwa wanyama pia kunaweza kusaidia sana kupata utambuzi muhimu kuhusu uwezo wa cov kusababisha ugonjwa miongoni mwa binadamu.
investigating cov-host interactions in animals might also derive important insight on cov pathogenesis in humans.

hata hivyo, mbebaji wa kati aliyesaidia virusi hivi kuhamia kwa binadamu kutoka kwa kizuizi cha aina hiyo ya mnyama bado hajulikani na njia ya usambazaji wake bado haijapambanuliwa.
however, what intermediate host helped the virus cross the species barrier to infect humans remains unknown, and the transmission route is yet to be elucidated.

kando na vigezo vitatu vya virusi vilivyotajwa hapa juu, mwingiliano wa virusi vipokezi vya mbebaji ni kigezo kingine muhimu chenye ushawishi kwenye usambazaji baina ya viumbe.
besides three viral factors stated above, viral interaction with host receptor is another key factor influential on interspecies transmission.

mbebaji huyu wa kati anaweza kutumika kama chanzo kutokana na wanyama cha maambukizi kwa binadamu na hutekeleza jukumu la mbebaji msambazaji kwa kuruhusu virusi kuzalishwa na kisha kusambazwa kwa binadamu ili kuzidisha kiwango cha maambukizi kwa binadamu.
this intermediate host can serve as the zoonotic source of human infection and play the role of an amplifying host by allowing the virus to replicate transiently and then transmitting it to humans to amplify the scale of human infection.

kabla ya kujadili asili zinazotokana na wanyama za hcov, itakuwa vyema kwetu kujadili ufafanuzi na sifa za kibebaji cha kiukuaji, asilia,hifadhi na mbebaji wa uenezi wa hcov.
before discussing the animal origins of hcovs, it will serve us well to discuss the definitions and characteristics of evolutionary, natural, reservoir, intermediate and amplifying hosts of hcovs.

hususan, tunaangazia na kujadili mada ya kawaida kwamba virusi vizalishaji vya hcov kawaida havina uwezo wa kusababisha magonjwa ndani ya wabebaji wake asilia lakini huwa na uwezo wa kusababisha ugonjwa baada ya kusambazwa baina ya aina ya wanyama hadi kwa mbebaji mpya.
particularly, we highlight and discuss the common theme that parental viruses of hcovs are typically non-pathogenic in their natural reservoir hosts but become pathogenic after interspecies transmission to a new host.

hivyo, utoaji wa protini zinazotolewa na mbebaji virusi za aina ya i angalau katika awamu ya mapema ya maambukizi ya sars-cov-2 katika binadamu kunapaswa kuwa na manufaa.
thus, administration of type i interferon at least in the early phase of sars-cov-2 infection in humans should be beneficial.

ikilinganisha na virusi vingine vya rna moja, viwango vilivyokadiriwa vya kubadilika kwa cov vinaweza kuzingatiwa kuwa “wastani” au “juu” huku kiwango cha wastani cha ubadilishanaji kikiwa ~10-4 kwa kila mwaka kwa kila eneo 2, kwa kutegemea awamu ya kuzoeleka kwa cov kwenye mbebaji wake mpya.
in comparison to other single-stranded rna viruses, the estimated mutation rates of covs could be regarded as “moderate” to “high” with an average substitution rate being ~10-4 substitution per year per site 2, depending on the phase of cov adaptation to novel hosts.