Şunu aradınız:: constant chronic pain (İspanyolca - İngilizce)

treatment of chronic pain requiring intraspinal analgesia
treatment of chronic pain requiring intraspinal analgesia

severe beak trimming, or beak trimming birds at an older age, may cause chronic pain.
severe beak trimming, or beak trimming birds at an older age, may cause chronic pain.

neuromas have been associated with phantom pain in human amputees and have therefore been linked to chronic pain in beak trimmed birds.
neuromas have been associated with phantom pain in human amputees and have therefore been linked to chronic pain in beak trimmed birds.

scientific studies (see below) have shown that beak trimming is likely to cause both acute and chronic pain.
scientific studies (see below) have shown that beak trimming is likely to cause both acute and chronic pain.

if beak trimming is severe because of improper procedure or done in older birds, the neuromas will persist which suggests that beak trimmed older birds experience chronic pain, although this has been debated.
if beak trimming is severe because of improper procedure or done in older birds, the neuromas will persist which suggests that beak trimmed older birds experience chronic pain, although this has been debated.