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alpha ketoglutarate
ألفا- كيتوغلُوتارات
最后更新： 2022-10-19
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peptide hormones a number of peptide hormones infl uence insulin secretion. the gut hormones glp-114 and somatostatin enhance and inhibit insulin action respectively. their secretion is stimulated by nutrients in the gut. their mechanisms of action appear to be, at least in part, mediated by camp generation and activation of a camp-responsive protein kinase.8 leptin and adiponectin appear to act in a similar fashion whereas acylation-stimulating protein appears to work via glucose phosphorylation, calcium infl ux and protein kinase c.15 amino acids the insulinotropic effect of the cationic amino acid arginine is well established. l-ornithine has similar effects. arginine’s action is associated with an increase in potassium permeability without any effect on proinsulin biosynthesis. uptake of arginine into the β cell is associated with depolarization of the cell membrane and gating of voltage dependent calcium channels.8 leucine, an essential branched chain amino acid, is a potent enhancer of insulin secretion, allosterically stimulating glutamate dehydrogenase and forming α-ketoglutarate via the krebs cycle to generate atp.12 the major pathways and infl uences on insulin secretion are presented schematically in figure 1. factors infl uencing β cell mass longer term regulation of insulin secretion may be mediated via effects on β cell mass. growth hormone, prolactin, placental lactogen and glp-1 not only increase glucose- stimulated insulin release and insulin gene expression, but also increase β cell proliferation.11,14 for a comprehensive review on this topic see nielsen and serup.16 physiology of insulin secretion glucose is the principal stimulus for insulin secretion, though clin biochem rev vol 26 may 2005
من الأمراض المعدية ، التي تسهم في 35 مليون حالة وفاة سنويًا. هذه ليست مشكلة العالم المتقدم فقط. كل بلد تبنى النظام الغذائي الغربي - وهو النظام الذي يهيمن عليه الطعام منخفض التكلفة عالي التصنيع - شهد ارتفاعًا في معدلات السمنة والأمراض ذات الصلة. يوجد الآن 30٪ من الأشخاص الذين يعانون من السمنة أكثر من الذين يعانون من نقص التغذية. التنمية الاقتصادية تعني أن سكان البلدان المنخفضة والمتوسطة الدخل يعيشون لفترة أطول ، وبالتالي هم مو
最后更新： 2021-04-26
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