您搜索了: betel (英语 - 马来语)

betel
sirih

betel nut
pokok pinang

betel nut water
bengkung

like a betel nut cut in half
bagai pinang dibelah dua

build verses with betel junjung
bina ayat dengan sirih junjung

bokor has existed in society practitioners betel nut located in the malay archipelago of more than 1000 ce ago
tepak sirih telah wujud dalam masyarakat pengamal makan sirih yang terletak dalam kepulauan melayu lebih dari 1000 thaun yang lalu

solvent effect on coarse extract, total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity and toxicity from chinese betel extract (peperomia pellucida)
sirih cina atau nama saintiknya peperomia pellucida merupakan salah satu tumbuhan herba yang mempunyai sumber sebatian bioaktif yang dipercayai kerana ia telah digunakan secara tradisional untuk rawatan pelbagai penyakit. namun begitu, masih ramai lagi masyarakat tidak mengetahui manfaat ke atas tumbuhan ini. kajian ini bertujuan untuk menilai kesan pelarut yang berbeza ke atas hasil pengekstrakan, jumlah kandungan flavonoid, kadar antioksidan dan kadar tosisiti daripada sirih cina. keputusan menunjukkan bahawa pelarut yang digunakan memainkan peranan yang penting dalam hasil pengekstrakan, jumlah kandungan flavonoid, kadar aktiviti antioksidan dan kadar toksisiti dengan tumbuhan. pelarut yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah nades, air suling, metanol, etanol dan etil asetat. kaedah yang digunakan dalam kajian ini bagi mendapatkan hasil kasar sirih cina menggunakan water bath ultrasonik. seterusnya, jumlah kandungan flavonoid (tfc) dilakukan dengan menggunakan ujian kolorimetrik aluminium klorida (alcl3) terhadap piawai flavonoid dengan mengandaikan tindak balas yang sama daripada semua flavonoid. selain itu, bagi menilai kadar antioksidan, di mana, asid askorbik digunakan sebagai larutan kawalan bagi membuat perbandingan ke atas pelarut nades, air suling, metanol, etanol dan etil asetat. akhir sekali, bagi menilai kadar toksisiti sirih cina dengan pelbagai pelarut, teknik yang digunakan adalah ujian kematian udang air garam dengan menggunakan pelarut dan kepekatan yang berbeza (100, 300, 500, 1000 μl/ml). pelarut nades dikenalpasti sebagai pelarut paling berkesan untuk pengekstrakan, di mana ia menghasilkan hasil pengekstrakan tertinggi (17.3893% ± 0.03), jumlah kandungan flavonoid (17.2354 mg re/g), kadar aktiviti antioksidan (83.3114 ± 0.03%) serta kadar toksisiti yang terendah (0% kematian) daripada sirih cina. oleh itu, pelarut nades merupakan pelarut yang paling bagusuntuk pengekstrakan sirih cina kerana hasil ekstrak mentah, kandungan jumlah flavonoid, kadar antioksidan yang tinggi. manakala ekstrak dari pelarut nades juga sangat signifikan kerana menunjukkan tiada kesan toksisiti dengan kadar 0% kematian udang air garam.

head and neck cancer (hnc) refers to tumors of the oral cavity, pharynx including nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx; and larynx, paranasal sinuses and the salivary glands (cosa 2011, ncsm 2010). there were 940 cases of nasopharyngeal cancer diagnosed in 2007 and registered at national cancer registry, comprising of 685 males and 255 females. nasopharyngeal cancer is the fourth most common cancer (5.2%) among malaysian and the third most common cancer among males in malaysia. statistics showed that smoking and drinking rates are higher in men than in women (cosa 2011; ncr 2007). this is probably a reason why hnc incidence was more than 2 folds higher among males when compared to females (ncsm 2010). among the ethnics, chinese were found to have higher incidence rate of hnc compared to malay and indian. recent genome-wide association study focused on esophageal squamous cell carcinoma has identified genetic variants in chinese population might be associated with the high incidence of hnc (yuan et al. 2013). however, future studies with larger samples and functional evaluation are needed to validate the findings. in addition, hnc is most common in people aged 50 or older. however, the peak of age-specific incidence rate of hnc was at aged of 70 to 75 based on ncr (2007) statistics. moreover, higher incidence rate found in developing countries, particularly in south asia (india, pakistan, kabul) as compared to european or western countries (boyle et al. 2008). by far, tobacco smoking or chewing, alcohol drinking and betel nut chewing are the most common risk factors associated with hnc (akhtar et al. 2012; chang et al. 2005; znaor et al. 2003). betel nut is a mixture of areca nut, slaked lime with aqueous calcium hydroxide paste and tobacco, condiments and with or without sweeteners wrapped in a betel leaf (jeng et al. 2001). thus, chewing betel nuts is highly addictive and carcinogenic (nitrosamines) which play a significant role in the aetiology of oral cancer (akhtar et al. 2012). studies showed that the incidence of hnc for individuals who smoke, drink alcohol and chew betel nut has been reported to be 123-fold higher than drink alcohol alone (jeng et al. 2001; ko et al. 1995). other observed risk factors are poor oral hygiene, epstein-barr virus, human papillomavirus (hpv) and occupational exposure to asbestos, formadehyde and nick (attar et al. 2010; kreimer et al. 2005). nevertheless, recent studies found there is an association between diet and hnc (jia et al. 2010). studies showed that consumption of salted vegetables such as soybeans, canned pickle vegetable and salted fish and meat is associated with hnc particularly nasopharynx cancer. this is because cooking of such foods releases carcinogens, nitrosamines into the fumes that we breathe (scs 2013; jia et al. 2010).
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