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angiogenetic cells differentiate into 2main type of cells:
تتمايز خلايا الأوعية الدموية إلى نوعين رئيسيين من الخلايا:
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mesenchymal cells differentiate into angiogenetic cells (angioblasts) in the following sites:
تتمايز خَلاَيا اللُّحْمَةِ المُتَوَسِّطَة إلى الخلايا المكوّنة للأوعية الدموية (الخلايا الأَرومَةٌ الوِعائِيَّة) في المواقع التالية:
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a cell may stay in this state for several days, and then either die or irrevocably differentiate into a mature, fully differentiated plasma cell.
وقد تبقى الخلية بهذه الحالة لعدة أيام وبعدها إما أن تموت أو أن تتمايز على نحو ثابت ولا يتغير إلى خلية بلازمية ناضجة مكتملة التطور.
Last Update: 2016-03-03
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because what stem cells are -- they're these phenomenal cells that really have the ability to differentiate into any type of tissue.
لأن الخلايا الجذعيّه هي تلك الخلايا الإستثنائيه القادره على التخلًّق لأي نوع من الأنسجه.
Last Update: 2015-10-13
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for instance, neural stem cells from the brain, which are derived from ectoderm, can differentiate into ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
فعلى سبيل المثال، يمكن للخلايا الجذعية العصبية في الدماغ والمأخوذة من الاكتوديرم التمايز إلى اكتوديرم وميزوديرم واندوديرم.
Last Update: 2016-03-03
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therapeutic cloning is tied to the production of stem cells, which are unspecialized cells at an early stage of development that can divide and differentiate into the numerous types that comprise the cells of the tissues and organs of the body.
وينحصر الاستنساخ للأغراض العلاجية في إنتاج الخلايا الجذعية، وهي خلايا غير متخصصة في مراحل تطورها الأولى وتنقسم وتتحول إلى أنواع عديدة مختلفة تتألف منها خلايا الأنسجة وأعضاء الجسم.
Last Update: 2016-12-01
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for example, about one in 10 cells migrate to the top of these fruiting bodies and differentiate into a specialised dormant state called myxospores, which are more resistant to drying and other adverse environmental conditions than are ordinary cells.
على سبيل المثال: حوالي خلية واحدة من 10 خلايا تنزح إلى الجزء العلوي من هذه الأجسام المنتجة وتتمايز خليويا في نمط ساكن متخصص يدعى ميكسوسبورس، والذي يعد مقاوم للجفاف و الظروف البيئية الاخرى أكثر من الخلايا العادية.
Last Update: 2016-03-03
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in common with embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells have the ability to differentiate into more than one cell type, but unlike the former they are often restricted to certain types or "lineages".
تمتلك الخلايا الجذعية البالغة القدرة على التمايز إلى أكثر من نوع من الخلايا تماما مثل الخلايا الجذعية الجنينية، إلا أنها تختلف عنها في أنها عادة ما تقتصر على أنواع محددة من الخلايا أو السلالات.
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and what myod essentially does is, it causes cells to differentiate into muscle cells. so this compound, myod, has been tested on a lot of different cell types and been shown to actually convert this variety of cell types into skeletal muscle cells.
واللذي يفعله "مايو دي" تحديداً، أنه يحفّز الخلايا للتخلّق الى خلايا عضليّه، فهذا المركّب، "مايو دي"، تم تجريبه على الكثير من الخلايا مختلفة الأنواع وثبت انه فعلياً قادر على تحويل مختلف الخلايا الى خلايا عضليّه.
Last Update: 2015-10-13
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throughout the body (fig. 1a, b). the brain utilizes hormones to signal to other organs (fig. 1bee), communicate glucose status, and influence whole-body glucose homeostasis [14e16]. the impaired glucose homeostasis that occurs in t2d may be caused in part by early defects in central nervous system glucose sensing mecha- nisms [16]. 2.2. skeletal muscle skeletal muscle is a major contributor to whole-body glucose utilization, as glucose is a relevant fuel for the maintenance of skeletal muscle energy homeostasis (fig. 1a, d). however, excess glucose exposure can lead to muscle damage [17], which in turn has health and clinical consequences for the individual. mechanisms of glucose-induced tissue damage are complex and may vary in acute and chronic conditions. common fundamental pathways causing muscle damage following exposure to excess glucose however include oxidative stress, inflammation, and insulin resistance, and it may alter tissue cell proliferation and differentiation [18]. elevated glucose has been shown to cause mitochondrial damage and dysfunction in muscle cell culture experiments [19], thereby potentially leading to impaired tissue energy metabolism and substrate utilization. through these combined mechanisms, hy- perglycemia may enhance muscle protein catabolism leading to reduced lean body mass and strength [20e22]. in agreement with the above observations, people with t2d demonstrated activation of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways [23] and substantially enhanced protein breakdown [24] in skeletal muscle compared to healthy individuals. muscle alterations are likely to become more clinically relevant when diabetes-induced hyperglycemia is asso- ciated with synergistic oxidative, pro-inflammatory, and insulin- desensitizing conditions such as aging or chronic and acute disease. 2.3. adipose tissue adipose tissue plays a major role in maintaining whole-body metabolic homeostasis [25], but its accumulation is associated with adverse outcomes such as metabolic syndrome and diabetes, cardiovascular events and several chronic diseases [26]. in recent years, research findings have revealed that qualitative changes in metabolic and endocrine characteristics of adipocytes (adiposop- athy) mediate aspects of human disease. metabolic research breakthroughs have uncovered ways that adipose tissue has sub- stantial impact on energy balance, insulin resistance, inflammation and obesity-associated complications. recently, differences be- tween white and brown adipocytes have been described. white adipose tissue is the most abundant type of adipose tissue in hu- man adults, and it functions as an energy store as well as a modulator of whole-body substrate utilization and metabolism through its endocrine functions [27]. brown adipose tissue has an increasingly recognized metabolic importance due to its higher mitochondrial content with high levels of uncoupling. these fea- tures lead to generation of heat (thermogenesis) associated with energy dissipation that may favor resistance to obesity and diet- induced weight gain [28]. lower brown adipose tissue content has been described in people with obesity or t2d than in healthy individuals [29]. experimental research has indicated that white adipose tissue can be converted into its more beneficial, metabol- ically active brown counterpart, and this process has become the target of intensive research [27,30e33]. irisin, an exercise-induced myokine, is thought to underlie the observed browning of adipose tissue in experimental models [30]. although controversy sur- rounds the role of irisin in humans [34], this process may further underscore the potential importance of loss of muscle mass and function in the onset of obesity-associated metabolic complications. glucose modulates adipose tissue metabolism and mass both directly and indirectly by increasing insulin secretion and plasma concentration. hyperinsulinemia is a key inducer of lipogenesis and adipose tissue expansion, and selective adipose tissue insulin re- ceptor knockout may protect from fat tissue accumulation [35,36] (fig. 1e). in agreement with the emerging view of inter-organ cross-talk to regulate metabolism, experimental models have demonstrated that glucose is able to re-direct stem cells derived from non-adipose tissues such as skeletal muscle to differentiate into ectopic adipocytes [37]. 2.4. liver interactions between carbohydrate and fat substrate availability may affect non-adipose tissues in the body by favoring ectopic lipid deposition [38]; non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (nafld) and non- alcoholic steatohepatitis (nash) represent a relevant example of this negative interplay. nafld is an early indicator of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome in people with obesity [39], triggered by inflammatory processes induced by overfeeding. car- bohydrates play a key role in the onset of nafld, with a negative impact for both excess glucose and fructose, whereas complex and non-digestible carbohydrates may be protective [40,41]. high glucose contributes to the onset of nafld also by enhancing circulating insulin, which in turn contributes to hepatic lipogenesis. inflammation and pro-inflammatory signals are generated by excess fat accumulation [26,42,43] and are also directly triggered by endotoxin translocation from the gut to the liver, with fructose being a major regulator of this process [44]. underlying molecular mechanisms of liver damage are not fully understood but may involve the immune response and activation of immune signaling pathways that can cause liver damage and fibrosis [45e48]. stea- tosis is reported to be ameliorated by intake of omega-3 poly- unsaturated fatty acids (pufas) [49] and complex carbohydrates [50,51]; elements of the mediterranean diet [52,53] and the asian diet [54,55] may therefore prevent metabolic liver disease. nafld can also be combatted by the fostering of a healthy and diverse population of gut microbiota, as discussed below [
Last Update: 2021-04-26
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