From professional translators, enterprises, web pages and freely available translation repositories.
these include (a) length of value chain to the final product (or depth in the manufacturing segment), i.e. how many parts and components to move into; (b) product characteristics (standard or differentiated); (c) the structure of a gsc (market-based or sticky - see box 1); (d) interest of a leading firm in assisting the product upgrading (through technology/financial injection); (e) market situation (competitors, stepladders vacated or not, etc.); and (f) comparative advantage, including geographical and/or population consumption assets (e.g. close to a big market, own large domestic market).
它们包括 (a) 通向最终产品的价值链长度(或生产部门的深度)，即需要多少零部件；(b) 产品特点 (标准产品还是有差别产品)；(c) 供应链结构(基于市场的供应链或附着型供应链----见插文1)；(d) 主导公司对于(通过注入技术/资金)协助产品升级的兴趣；(e) 市场形势(竞争对手，梯子是否已经腾出等等)；(f) 比较优势，包括地理和/或人口消费资产(例如接近大市场，拥有大型国内市场)。
