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menurut nctm dalam principles and standards for school mathematics (2000), terdapat lima standar kompetensi utama dalam pembelajaran matematika, yaitu: pemecahan masalah (problem solving), keterampilan komunikasi (communication), keterampilan koneksi (connection), keterampilan penalaran (reasoning) dan kemampuan representasi (representasi).
problems in learning can be divided into two, namely learning disabilities which lie in the cognitive development of these students and the causes of learning difficulties outside of children or other problems in students (dumont, 1994; steenbrugge, et al., 2011; asnawir & usman b, 2002, hikmawati, 2013). a learning disability diagnosis can be drawn from a global assessment of the child including learning and school context (mazzocco & myers, 2003; steenbrugge, et al., 2001). the primary diagnosis is based on the combined use of diagnostic tools (denburg & tranel, 2003; kamphaus, et al., 2000; steenbrugge, et all., 2011). some students at all levels of education in developing countries have problems in learning mathematics (mundla, 2012). problems that arise are caused by problems from within and from outside the students themselves. the academic and personal problems of learners in educational institutions can be identified and resolved in a number of ways related to educational psychologists, school counselors, and educational research. the problems of students tend to be many, diverse and complex so that it requires an interdisciplinary approach to understand them well. the problems of learning mathematics can be caused by several factors, both from students, teachers, the environment and learning facilities. one of the teacher factors that causes problems in learning mathematics is the selection of teaching methods that are not appropriate to the material given in each class.