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esponente militare e del partito bolscevico (dal 1901), dopo l'ottobre fu membro del comitato per la guerra e la marina, comandante del distretto militare di pietrogrado.
returning to russia in 1917, he was a leader in the moscow bolshevik party and was elected to the central committee. after october 1917, he directed the nationalization of the banks, and then became a military leader in turkestan.