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emtricitabine is phosphorylated by cellular enzymes to form emtricitabine triphosphate.
emtricitabine jiġi fosforilat permezz ta’ enzimi ċellulari biex jifforma emtricitabine triphosphate.

pharmacologically, ribavirin increases phosphorylated metabolites of purine nucleosides in vitro.
farmakoloġikament, ribavirin iżid il-metaboli fosforilati tan-nuklejosajd tal-purina in vitro.

intracellular tenofovir is subsequently phosphorylated to the pharmacologically active metabolite tenofovir diphosphate.
tenofovir intraċellulari jiġi fosforilat sussegwentement għall-metabolit farmakoloġikament attiv tenofovir diphosphate.

emtricitabine and tenofovir are phosphorylated by cellular enzymes to form emtricitabine triphosphate and tenofovir diphosphate, respectively.
emtricitabine u tenofovir huma fosforilati minn enzimi ċellulari sabiex jifformaw emtricitabine triphosphate u tenofovir diphosphate, rispettivament.

cidofovir enters cells by fluid-phase endocytosis and is phosphorylated to cidofovir monophosphate and subsequently to cidofovir diphosphate.
cidofovir jidħol fiċ-ċelluli permezz ta’ endoċitożi f’fażi fluwida u jiġi fosforilat għal cidofovir monophosphate u wara għal cidofovir diphosphate.

it is efficiently phosphorylated by cellular kinases to the active triphosphate form, which has an intracellular half-life of 14 hours.
jiġi fosforilat b’mod effiċjenti bil-kinases taċ-ċelluli fil-forma triphosphate attiva, li fiċ-ċelluli għandu half-life ta’ 14-il siegħa.

stavudine, a thymidine analogue, is phosphorylated by cellular kinases to stavudine triphosphate which inhibits hiv reverse transcriptase by competing with the natural substrate, thymidine triphosphate.
stavudine, li huwa analogu ta’ thymidine, jiġi fosforilizzat b’enzimi kinasi fiċ-ċelluli għal stavudine triphosphate li jwaqqaf ir-reverse transcriptase ta’ hiv billi jikkompeti mal-molekula li jaħdem fuqha s-soltu, thymidine triphospate.

in vivo, tenofovir alafenamide is hydrolysed within cells to form tenofovir (major metabolite), which is phosphorylated to the active metabolite tenofovir diphosphate.
in vivo, tenofovir alafenamide jiġi idrolizzat fiċ-ċelluli biex jifforma tenofovir (metabolit maġġuri), li jiġi fosforilat għall-metabolit attiv tenofovir diphosphate.

emtricitabine is phosphorylated by cellular enzymes to form emtricitabine 5'-triphosphate, which competitively inhibits hiv-1 reverse transcriptase, resulting in dna chain termination.
emtricitabine huwa fosforilat permezz ta’ enzimi ċellulari biex jifforma emtricitabine 5’-trifosfat li tinibixxi kompetittivament ir-reverse transcriptase ta’ l-hiv-1 li jirriżulta fit-terminazzjoni tal-katina tad-dna.

zidovudine and stavudine are phosphorylated by the cellular enzyme (thymidine kinase), which preferentially phosphorylates zidovudine, thereby decreasing the phosphorylation of stavudine to its active triphosphate form.
zidovudine u stavudine jiġu fosforilizzati bl-enżima ċellulari (thymidine kinase) li preferenzjalment jiffosforiliżża zidovudine, għalhekk inaqqas il-fosforilazzjoni ta’ stavudine għall-forma attiva tiegħu triphosphate.

following uptake into cancer cells, trifluridine, is phosphorylated by thymidine kinase, further metabolised in cells to a deoxyribonucleic acid dna substrate, and incorporated directly into dna, thereby interfering with dna function to prevent cell proliferation.
wara l-assorbiment fiċ-ċelluli tal-kanċer, trifluridine huwa fosforilat minn thymidine kinase, metaboliżat aktar f’ċelluli għal sottostrat ta’ deoxyribonucleic acid dna, u inkorporat direttament fid- dna, għaldaqstant jinterferixxi mal-funzjoni tad-dna sabiex jipprevjeni l-proliferazzjoni taċ-ċelluli.

co-administration of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and didanosine at a dose of 400 mg daily has been associated with a significant decrease in cd4 cell count, possibly due to an intracellular interaction increasing phosphorylated (i.e. active) didanosine.
l-għoti flimkien ta’ tenofovir disoproxil fumarate u didanosine f’doża ta’ 400 mg kuljum kien assoċjat ma’ tnaqqis sinifikanti fl-għadd taċ- ċelluli cd4, possibbilment minħabba interazzjoni intraċellulari li żiedet didanosine fosforilat (jiġifieri attiv).