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the rest of the specimen was cut in slices (without the use of water to avoid salt dissolution). the obtained samples were then stored at 20 c 96% rh for six weeks. the weight gain, i.e. the hygroscopic moisture content (hmc) was measured. the hmc provides a reliable indication of the salt content in case like this in which only one salt type is present [10]. 2.3.4. esem study the crystallization of salt in the specimens has been studied by means of a tungsten xl 30 environmental scanning electron microscope (esem) of fei, equipped with an energy dispersive x ray system of edax. esem investigations have been carried out mainly by the use of a back scattered electron (bse) detector. low magnifications were used to study salt distribution and location, while higher magnifications were used to investigate crystal shapes. the pressure in the esem chamber varied between 0.3 and 0.4 torr, corresponding to an rh of 1.7e2.3% at 20 c. this means that with the specimens being dry when they were introduced in the esem, no change in the structure of the salt would occur during the esem investigation. broken cross sections of the specimens at the end of the drying experiments have been investigated. 2.3.5. crystallization test the salt crystallization test aimed at reproducing as close as possible the situation that may occur in practice during the application of a crystallization inhibitor. therefore, differently from experiments on the effectiveness of inhibitors published until now (e.g. ref. [3]), the inhibitor has not been mixed in the salt solution but applied on already salt contaminated specimens. the following procedure was therefore set up: 1. contamination of the specimen with salt (nacl and na2so4); 2. drying of the specimen in such conditions to promote salt accumulation near the evaporation surface, as it usually occurs in practice; 3. application of the inhibitor dissolved in water by spraying it on the surface; half of the specimens are left untreated as reference; 4. start of the crystallization test consisting of wet dry cycles. the salt contamination was performed according to the procedure described in [11]. the specimens, sealed on the lateral sides and dried at 70 c until constant weight, were contaminated with an amount of salt solution equal to the capillary moisture content (cmc), i.e. the moisture content sufficient to wet the upper surface of the specimen. nacl and na2so
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最終更新： 2018-12-11
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