Results for determinants of price elasticity of... translation from English to Malay

price elasticity of demand
keanjalan harga permintaan formula

letter of demand
surat tuntutan polis

ammended notice of demand
notis permintaan

there's a look of price
ada rupa ada nyawa

the number of tin firms has slightly caused the elasticity of its offerings to be unsustainable so prices increase with the number of offered increases only slightly
bilangan firma bijih timah sedikit menyebabkan keanajalan penawarannya tak anjal maka harga meningkat dengan banyaknya kuantiti ditawar meningkat sedikit sahaja

eg formal letter of demands
contoh surat rasmi jenis tuntutan

deferred sale and purchase of goods with payment of price in cash, such as selling goods which have been deemed details of form, specification, quality and quantity in detail with payment of the price made in cash, while delivery of goods is deferred at a specified time.
jual beli sesuatu barangan secara tangguh dengan bayaran harga secara tunai, seperti menjual barangan yang telah disifatkan butiran bentuk, spesifikasi, kualiti dan kuantiti secara terperinci dengan bayaran harganya dibuat secara tunai, manakala penyerahan barang ditangguhkan pada suatu masa yang ditetapkan.

c/c/c/an example of price competition is nor arfa batik offers a reasonable batik price and a discount for every purchase of rm100 and above while desa murni offers a discount for purchases of rm150 and above and for the purchase of five pieces of batik cloth free of one batik cloth.
c/c/c/contoh persaingan harga ialah nor arfa batik menawarkan harga batik yang berpatutan dan diskaun untuk setiap pembelian rm100 ke atas manakala desa murni menawarkan diskaun bagi pembelian rm150 ke atas dan untuk pembelian lima helai kain batik percuma satu kain batik.

moreover, the widespread that has been disaster for the global economy where it having a devastating impact on global manufacturing and supply chains. these changes have an impact on the economies of countries such as bulgaria. the impact is based on several reasons. for instance, the declining of demand of raw materials or goods and services from developed countries and the delays in the delivery of required components from more technologically advanced countries which have disrupted the value
lebih-lebih lagi, penyebaran yang meluas telah menjadi malapetaka bagi ekonomi global di mana ia memberi kesan buruk kepada pembuatan dan rantaian bekalan global. perubahan ini memberi kesan kepada ekonomi negara seperti bulgaria. kesannya adalah berdasarkan beberapa sebab. sebagai contoh, kemerosotan permintaan bahan mentah atau barangan dan perkhidmatan dari negara maju dan kelewatan dalam penghantaran komponen yang diperlukan dari negara yang lebih maju dari segi teknologi yang telah mengganggu nilai

the motive for the investment the motive for a foreign investment is crucial in determining how linkages and externalities develop. there are four main motives for investment: 1) seek natural resources; 2) seek new markets; 3) restructure existing foreign production; and 4) seek new strategic assets [narula and dunning, 2000]. these can be placed into two categories. the first category includes the first three motives: asset-exploiting, to generate economic rent by using existing firm-specific assets. the second category is the fourth motive: asset-augmenting, to acquire new assets that protect or enhance existing assets. in general, developing countries are unlikely to attract the second category of fdi; they primarily attract the first category. the relative importance of each motive partly reflects the stage of economic development [narula and dunning, 2000; narula, 1996, 2004]. least developed countries would tend to have mainly resource-seeking fdi and countries at the catching-up stage mostly market-seeking fdi. efficiency-seeking investments, with the most stringent capability needs, will tend to focus on the more industrialised developing economies (though three or four decades ago they went to countries with relatively low capabilities, e.g. the electronics industry in southeast asia in the 1970s). not all affiliates offer the same spillovers to host economies. a sales office, for instance, may have a high turnover and employ many people, but its technological spillovers will be limited relative to a manufacturing facility. likewise, resource-seeking activities like mining tend to be capital intensive and provide fewer spillovers compared to market-seeking manufacturing fdi. during import substitution, most mnes set up miniature replicas of their facilities at home, though many functions were not reproduced (they were ‘truncated’). the extent of truncation, however, varied by host country. the most important determinants of truncation – and thus the scope of activities and competence of the subsidiary – were market size and local industrial capabilities [dunning and narula, 2004]. countries with small markets and weak local industries had the most truncated subsidiaries, often only single-activity subsidiaries (sales and marketing or natural resource extraction). larger countries with domestic technological capacity (such as brazil and india) had the least truncated subsidiaries, often with research and development departments. with liberalisation, mne strategies on affiliate competence and scope have changed in four ways [dunning and narula, 2004]. first, there has been investment in new affiliates. second, there has been sequential investment in upgrading existing subsidiaries. third, there has been some downgrading of subsidiaries, whereby mnes have divested in response to location advantages elsewhere or reduced the level of competence and scope of subsidiaries. do we need a new agenda? 451 fourth, there has been some redistribution of ownership as the result of privatisation or acquisitions of local private firms. in many, but certainly not all, cases this also led to a downgrading of activities. mnes are taking advantage of liberalisation to concentrate production capacity in a few locations, exploiting scale and agglomeration economies, favourable location and strong capabilities. some miniature replicas have been downgraded to sales and marketing affiliates, with fewer opportunities for spillovers. countries that receive fdi with the highest potential for capability development are, ironically, those with strong domestic absorptive capacities. the article by lorentzen and barnes on south africa shows that domestic capacity – in the form of infrastructure or an efficient domestic industrial sector – is a primary determinant of high competence affiliates. they base their analysis on eight case studies in the south african automotive sector, and show that indigenous firms can compete with mnes, and – given the appropriate domestic capabilities and infrastructure – can maintain and improve their competitive advantages through indigenous innovation. like south africa, other countries have succeeded in attracting such fdi, notably mexico and the caribbean basin [eclac, 2000, 2001; mortimore, 2000]. in addition to providing a threshold level of domestic capabilities and infrastructure, these countries have invested in developing their knowledge base (although to a lesser extent in the case of mexico). mortimore [2000] argues that much of this fdi has created export platforms for mnes with limited benefits for the host countries [eclac, 2001]. this is a point reiterated by mytelka and barclay here in the case of trinidad, where fdi has not been leveraged to develop the skills and capabilities of local downstream and supporting firms. the state has largely failed to act as a facilitator to stimulate and support domestic absorptive capacities and linkages with mne affiliates. mne linkages fdi transfers technology to local firms in four ways: backward linkages, labour turnover, horizontal linkages and international technology spillovers. studies of backward linkages have identified various determinants, including those internal to mnes and those associated with host economies. the ability of the host economy to benefit from mne linkages has been found to depend crucially on the relative technological capabilities of recipient and transmitter: the greater the distance between them, the lower the intensity of linkages. again, mne motives and strategies matter. domestic market oriented affiliates generally purchase more locally than export-oriented firms because of lower quality requirements and technical specifications [reuber et al., 1973; altenburg, 2000]. mne affiliates are more likely to be integrated with host countries where they source relatively simple inputs [ganiatsos, 2000; carillo,
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